Jean-Jacques Dessalines, born into slavery on September 20, 1758, rose to lead the final campaign of the Haitian Revolution. After the victory at Vertières on November 18, 1803, he proclaimed independence in Gonaïves on January 1, 1804.

Haiti became the first nation born from a successful revolt of enslaved people and the first Black republic in the world. Dessalines is honored in the national anthem, La Dessalinienne, and on October 17, the anniversary of his death in 1806.